Lama glama, Llama skull

The llama (Lama glama) is a domesticated descendent of the guanaco (L. guanaco) (Nowak, 1991). Evidence for domestication dates back between 6000 and 7000 years ago and has been found from archaeological sites in the Andean mountains at elevations ranging from 4000 m to 4900 m (Wheeler, 1995). The species is currently distributed from Peru to northwest Argentina (Nowak, 1991).

The llama belongs to the group Camelidae, which includes all species of South American and Old World camelids. Altogether, there are three genera within camelidae, Lama and Vicugna in South America and Camelus in the Old World (Wheeler, 1995).

llama
Camelidae has several distinguishing characteristics. Camelids lack horns or antlers (Wheeler, 1995) and have a long, thin neck (Nowak, 1991). The stomach is divided into three sections and is ruminating. In the hindlimb, camelids have a highly reduced fibula. The foot bones are fused into a single bone known as a cannon bone and the feet are made up of only two digits (Nowak, 1991). Instead of having a hoof, camelids have a nail that covers the digits. Finally, individuals are able to rest on their stomach by bending their hindlimbs beneath their body (Wheeler, 1995).

This specimen (TMM M-2052; female) was made available to the University of Texas High-Resolution X-ray CT Facility for scanning by Dr. Timothy Rowe of the Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin. Funding for scanning was provided by a National Science Foundation Digital Libraries Initiative grant to Dr. Rowe.

This file is a 3D surface model that has been created using the original scan data for this specimen. It can be downloaded and printed out using a 3D printer/rapid prototyper or it can be rendered in a 3D application. These files are typically very large, so we do not recommend trying to download them without a high-speed internet connection.